PC Hardware Installation

Step One: Choosing Your Components

Before you dive in, ask yourself: “What do I need this PC for?” If gaming’s your thing, prioritize your budget on a top-notch GPU and perhaps a speedy CPU. Content creators might lean more towards a powerful CPU and extra RAM. Or, if it’s a high-capacity storage system you’re after, focus on a motherboard with ample I/O and plenty of drive bays. Regardless of your budget, this initial question is your starting point.

Now, let’s break it down by use case:

1. Gamers:

  • What kind of games do you play? For RPGs and visually intensive games, you’ll want a high-res display, possibly with HDR. Your input devices might vary – some games are best played with a controller instead of the traditional mouse and keyboard.
  • Competitive shooter fan? Every millisecond counts. Invest in a high-quality mouse, a responsive keyboard, and a high-refresh-rate monitor.

2. Content Creators:

  • Digital artists might not need a high-end GPU but could benefit greatly from a drawing tablet.
  • Musicians: Load up on RAM for all those samples and patches.
  • Video editors: You’ll need at least a decent GPU, lots of RAM, and plenty of fast storage.
  • 3D modelers: Look for a capable CPU and GPU, with real-time ray tracing being a huge plus.
  • Engineers might prioritize certified hardware like Quadro GPUs for stability.
  • Programmers: Opt for a CPU with numerous threads and ample RAM.
  • Writers: A comfortable keyboard, a good display, and staying hydrated are key!

3. NAS or Home Storage Users:

  • For cold storage like backups or media, prioritize capacity over speed. Hard drives are your go-to here.
  • Warm storage, like a frequently accessed photo library, needs a balance of speed and capacity.
  • Hot storage, such as network boot devices, requires high speed, which means higher costs.

4. Form Factor Considerations:

  • ATX: The classic choice. These come in mid-tower and full-tower sizes, offering plenty of expansion options.
  • Micro ATX: A smaller footprint with up to four expansion slots. Ideal for those who want a compact yet versatile build.
  • Mini ITX and DTX: The smallest mainstream sizes, perfect for ultra-compact builds, though they can be limited in terms of I/O and expansion.

5. Budgeting:

  • If you’re working with a tight budget, consider buying used or previous-generation hardware. You can often find great deals on older yet still powerful components.

Selecting Core Components:

CPU & GPU:

  • Your CPU and GPU are the heart of your build, often the most costly parts. They set the tone for the rest of your components.
  • Don’t just go by clock speeds and specs. Read reviews, compare within a product line, and consider features like integrated graphics and PCI Express lane speeds.

Motherboards:

  • It’s easy to overdo it with motherboards. Focus on what you need: sufficient RAM speed support, adequate PCIe bandwidth, and the necessary ports.
  • Mid-range boards with good reviews are often the best choice for most builders.

RAM:

  • Balance capacity, speed, and timings. Remember, more RAM means more multitasking capability, but also more strain on your CPU’s memory controller.
  • Higher frequency is generally better, but there are diminishing returns. Match your RAM to your CPU’s preferences for optimal performance.

Storage:

  • SSDs for your operating system and key applications, HDDs for bulk storage.
  • For SSDs, look for a DRAM cache and solid endurance ratings. Higher PCI Express generations like Gen 4 might offer performance benefits in the future.

Cooling Solutions:

  • Custom liquid cooling is the pinnacle but can be costly and complex. For most, a high-quality air cooler or an all-in-one liquid cooler is more than sufficient.
  • Consider the size and weight of large air coolers, especially if you plan to move your PC often.

Thermal Compound:

  • Choose a reputable, non-conductive thermal paste. Liquid metal compounds offer great performance but require careful handling due to their conductive nature.

Choosing the Right PSU (Power Supply Unit)

When it comes to building your PC, the power supply is not something to skimp on. Early on, an 80 Plus rating was a good indicator of quality, especially if it was 80 Plus Gold. However, today, with the 80 Plus standards being relatively easy to achieve, this rating alone isn’t enough. Fortunately, Cybernetics Lab offers a more comprehensive certification system that considers both efficiency and noise levels.

Key Features to Look Out For:

  • Modularity: Modular PSUs are slightly more expensive but offer the flexibility to replace individual cables as standards evolve, like the new PCI Express Gen 5 power connector.
  • Warranty Duration: A power supply with a short warranty is a red flag. Look for a warranty of at least five years. Some brands, like Seasonic, offer warranties as long as 12 years.

Form Factors for Different Builds:

  • SFX Standard: For small form factor builds, SFX power supplies provide a smaller footprint. SFXL power supplies are a bit larger, usually more powerful, and quieter due to larger fans. Always check case compatibility.
  • DC to DC Converter PSUs: These use an external power brick, similar to a laptop, and are fanless and small, though they come with the inconvenience of an external brick.
  • ATX Form Factor: The standard for most builds, ATX power supplies offer the highest wattages and a variety of connections. However, their size can vary, so ensure it fits in your chosen case, especially if it’s modular.

Picking the Right Case

Choosing a case is a personal decision, with prices ranging from budget-friendly to high-end. While there are various form factors, the key aspects to consider are:

  • Airflow: Optimal airflow is crucial, and a mesh front panel is ideal. Some cases offer glass front panels with extra intakes for aesthetics without compromising airflow.
  • Ease of Maintenance: Look for removable dust filters and easily accessible panels.
  • Expansion and Layout: Consider the amount and type of components you want to fit. Good cable management and a spacious layout are also important.

Selecting Fans

When choosing fans, consider the following:

  • Diameter and Bearing Type: Larger fans can push more air at lower noise levels. Bearing quality affects efficiency and noise; options include sleeve, ball, fluid dynamic, and magnetic levitation bearings.
  • Airflow vs. Static Pressure: Some fans are optimized for airflow, others for static pressure. Airflow-optimized fans are great for unobstructed areas, while static pressure fans are better for radiators or restrictive spaces.
  • Connectors: Fans can have three or four pins. Three-pin fans control speed by voltage changes, while four-pin PWM fans use bursts of 12V power for more efficient and precise speed control.
  • Fan Controllers: For multiple fans, consider a controller hub for better management and cable organization.

Hard Drives

Hard drives are great for long-term storage or as a cost-effective way to increase storage capacity. Consider RPM, cache size, noise level, and cost per gigabyte. For most users, a 5600 or 5900 RPM drive is sufficient and quieter.

RGB Components

RGB lighting adds a personalized touch to your build. There are three main types:

  • Non-Addressable: Basic, all LEDs show the same color.
  • Addressable: Allows individual control of each LED for patterns and animations.
  • USB-Based: More straightforward setup, but often vendor-specific, limiting cross-compatibility.

Tools and Supplies for Building

Besides a Phillips-head screwdriver, consider having coffee filters and isopropyl alcohol for cleaning, a microfiber cloth for wiping fingerprints, and a flashlight. Use cable ties or hook-and-loop ties for cable management. Custom cables are an optional aesthetic choice with no performance benefit.

Static Safety Precautions

If you’re in a dry environment, an anti-static wrist strap is essential. Connect it to a grounded object, like a plugged-in (but switched off) PSU. Regularly touching the PSU can also help dissipate static if you don’t have a strap.

Motherboard and CPU Installation

  • Inspect LGA Pins: For LGA motherboards, carefully inspect the pins before installing the CPU. Bent pins need to be corrected before proceeding.
  • Unbox CPU Carefully: Handle the CPU by its edges, avoiding contact with the pins or gold contacts.
  • Place Motherboard on Its Box: A safe, static-free surface for installation.
  • Align and Install CPU: Gently place the CPU in the socket, ensuring correct orientation.

Inspecting and Handling the CPU

  • For LGA (Intel): Check the pins on the motherboard socket.
  • For PGA (AMD): Handle the CPU carefully to avoid bending the pins.
  • Placement: Ensure the CPU is correctly oriented and seated in the socket without force.

Installing the CPU on the Motherboard

LGA (Land Grid Array) Installation:

  • Alignment: Look for a triangle or dot on the CPU and the motherboard socket to align correctly. Intel CPUs have notches that only fit one way.
  • Placement: Align the CPU, gently lower it into the socket, give it a slight wiggle to ensure it’s seated, then lock it down with the retention mechanism. The plastic socket cover may pop off during this process; keep it safe for future use.

PGA (Pin Grid Array) Installation:

  • Inspect Pins: Ensure all pins are straight. Use a mechanical pencil or thin metal tool for any necessary adjustments.
  • Inserting the CPU: Lift the locking arm on the socket, align the CPU using the indicator on the CPU and socket, and gently place the CPU into the socket without force. If there’s resistance, realign and try again.

Installing CPU on High-End Desktop (HEDT) or Server Motherboards:

  • Dual CPU Motherboards: If using dual CPUs, consult the motherboard manual for the correct socket and RAM slot usage.
  • AMD SP3 Sockets: Remove the dummy CPU, align the real CPU in the carrier, and lock it in place. Then, close the retention mechanism, using the included screwdriver to tighten the screws without overdoing it.
  • Intel Xeon Sockets: Place the CPU onto the cooler first, then align it with the motherboard socket using the marked triangles. Tighten the Torx screws until they stop.

Installing Memory (RAM)

  • Check Motherboard Manual: Refer to your manual for the correct RAM slots to use for your specific motherboard.
  • Common Configurations: For dual-channel setups, use the same-numbered slots across different channels. For triple or quad-channel setups, consult the manual.
  • Installation Procedure: Push down the tabs at the ends of the slot, align the notch on the RAM stick with the post in the slot, and press down until the tabs click into place.

Installing M.2 SSD

  • Identify the Slot: Check the motherboard for M.2 slots, which may be under heatsinks.
  • Compatibility: Ensure the SSD type (SATA or NVMe) matches the slot’s support.
  • Installation Steps:
    • Remove the heatsink if needed.
    • Align the SSD with the slot at a 30-degree angle and insert.
    • Push the SSD down and secure it with the small Phillips screw.

Installing the Cooler

For AIO (All-In-One) liquid coolers, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for installation. This typically involves mounting the radiator, applying thermal paste, and securing the pump/block to the CPU. For air coolers, ensure the cooler is compatible with your CPU socket and has enough clearance in your case.

Setting Up and Installing an Air Cooler on Consumer Sockets

When it comes to installing an air cooler or a CPU block for a custom loop, most brands use similar, yet slightly different mounting mechanisms. Let’s take Noctua’s SecuFirm system as an example, known for its user-friendly setup for consumer processors like Intel and AMD.

Intel Consumer Systems:

  • Backplate: Intel sockets often require a backplate, which will have posts sticking up through the motherboard. These are secured with spacers and bars, which are then screwed down with thumb screws.
  • Orientation: The orientation of the mounting bars depends on the desired airflow direction – typically, you’d want the cooler to exhaust towards the rear of the case.

AMD Systems:

  • Using the Included Backplate: AMD motherboards come with a backplate. You’ll need to remove the standard plastic clip adapters from the motherboard.
  • Mounting Bars: Place the mounting bars over the protruding parts of the backplate and secure them in place.

Intel HEDT and Server Sockets:

  • Mounting: These typically involve screwing nuts onto the motherboard, placing mounting bars over them, and then securing everything with thumb screws. It’s more straightforward compared to consumer sockets.

AMD Threadripper and Epic Sockets:

  • Bolting Down: The cooler bolts directly onto the socket’s retention mechanism. Align it properly, as these sockets are designed to accept the cooler only one way.

Applying Thermal Compound:

  • Pre-Applied or Fresh Compound: Use pre-applied compound or apply a new one after cleaning the old one with alcohol and a coffee filter.
  • Amount and Placement: The amount varies based on the CPU size. For Intel consumer CPUs, use about a grain of rice amount. For larger CPUs like Threadripper, apply more, using a pattern that covers the surface evenly.
  • Spreading: Once applied, you can gently press down on the compound with the syringe tip to break the surface tension.

Mounting the Air Cooler:

  • Noctua Coolers: Unclip the fan, align the heatsink with the screw posts, and screw it down, alternating sides to ensure even pressure.
  • Other Coolers: Ensure there’s no sticker on the cold plate, then screw in using an X pattern, alternating between corners until fully tightened.
  • Fan Installation: Mount the fan(s) ensuring correct airflow direction. The side with the sticker usually indicates where the air comes out.

Connecting to CPU Fan Header:

  • Finding the Header: Locate the CPU fan header on your motherboard, usually near the CPU socket.
  • Connecting the Fan: Align the cable’s tabs with the header and press it into position. Both three-pin and four-pin fans can work in this header.

Performing a Pre-Build Test:

  • Purpose: Testing the system outside the case can save time by identifying any issues early.
  • Graphics Card Installation: If needed, install the graphics card by aligning it with the PCI Express x16 slot and pressing it down until it locks into place.
  • Connecting Power Supply Cables: Connect the necessary power cables – 12V CPU connector, 24-pin motherboard connector, and GPU connectors if applicable.
  • First Power Up: Without a power button, use a screwdriver to short the power switch pins on the motherboard’s front panel header.
  • BIOS Check: Enter the BIOS and verify that all components are detected and temperatures are stable.

Installing a Liquid Cooler:

  • Mounting Bracket: For AIO coolers, install the mounting bracket as per the manufacturer’s instructions.
  • Tightening: Secure the cooler onto the mounting bracket, using an X pattern for even pressure distribution.

Troubleshooting a Non-Responsive Build

When you power on your new PC build and nothing displays on the screen, it can be concerning. However, there are several steps you can take to diagnose the issue:

  • Diagnostic LEDs/Displays: Many motherboards feature LED indicators or a display that shows a two-character hexadecimal code during the boot process. These codes can help identify which part of the boot process failed. The motherboard manual or online resources can explain these codes.
  • LED Indicators: Some motherboards have LED indicators near critical components like the CPU, memory, storage, and graphics card. These can signal where the issue lies. For instance, Asus motherboards have a stoplight array of LEDs indicating various stages like CPU (red), memory (orange), storage (white), and graphics (green).
  • Common Issues: The most common issue is having the display cable plugged into the wrong port. Ensure it’s connected to the graphics card, not the motherboard, especially for AMD systems without integrated graphics.
  • Reseating Components: If there’s no display, ensure the graphics card and memory are fully inserted. Reseat them if necessary. With multiple memory modules, try using one at a time to see if that resolves the issue.
  • CPU Check: If the system powers on but there’s no display, check the CPU. Ensure there are no bent pins and that it’s seated correctly. Sometimes, a CPU not properly seated can prevent the system from booting.
  • CPU Fan Header: Some systems may not boot or stay on without a CPU fan connected. Ensure this header is connected.
  • Power Supply Connections: If nothing happens when you press the power button, first ensure the motherboard receives power. Look for an LED indicator that turns on when the power supply is switched on. Check all cable connections, including the 24-pin connector and 12-volt EPS connectors, to ensure they are fully inserted and correctly connected.
  • BIOS Compatibility: For some AMD motherboards, a BIOS update may be required for certain CPU generations. Check the motherboard’s manual for compatibility and BIOS version requirements.
  • Advanced Troubleshooting: If none of these steps help, you may need to conduct more advanced troubleshooting, possibly with different components or another computer. Online forums can offer additional guidance.

Preparing the Case for Motherboard Installation

Preparing the case involves several steps to ensure everything is ready for the motherboard and other components:

  • Removing Side Panels: Remove the side panels of the case and store them safely.
  • IO Shield Installation: If your motherboard comes with an IO shield, install it now by snapping it into the cutout at the rear of the case.
  • Cable Management: Remove any cables from the main chamber of the case and route them behind the motherboard tray to avoid obstructions.
  • Installing Standoffs: Ensure that the case has standoffs installed in the correct positions corresponding to the motherboard’s mounting holes. Hand-tighten these, but be careful not to overtighten.
  • Test Fitting the Motherboard: Do a test fit by laying the motherboard in the case to ensure all standoffs align correctly with the motherboard holes.
  • Connecting 8-pin EPS Cables: It’s easier to connect the 8-pin EPS (CPU power) cables now, especially in cases with limited space around the motherboard.
  • Securing the Motherboard: Use the correct screws (usually 632 for motherboards) to secure the motherboard to the standoffs. Start with the central point, then the corners, and finally all remaining points.
  • Front Panel Header: Connect the front panel header cables for power switch, reset switch, HDD LED, etc., according to your motherboard’s layout.
  • Front I/O Connections: Connect front I/O cables like USB, audio, and any other front panel connectors following the motherboard manual for proper placement and orientation.
  • Installing Storage Drives: Install any 2.5″ or 3.5″ drives into their respective bays or mounting points. Secure them properly, especially the heavier 3.5″ drives.

Connecting SATA Data Cables

SATA data cables connect your drives to the motherboard, enabling data transfer. Here’s how to connect them:

  • SATA Cable Features: These cables often have locking tabs to secure their connection. They are keyed with an L-shape, making it easy to identify the correct orientation.
  • Connecting to Drives: Line up the L on the cable with the L on the drive and plug it in, ensuring it’s flush. Route the cable through to the motherboard, keeping in mind that these cables can be stiff and challenging to manage.
  • Motherboard Connection: Be aware of which SATA port you are using on the motherboard. Some ports may share bandwidth with other components like PCIe or M.2 slots, which could affect performance.
  • Right Angle vs. Straight Cables: Some SATA cables have right-angle ends and others have straight ends. Right-angle connectors are typically used for hard drives in trays, while straight connectors are better for SSDs mounted flush with the case.
  • Power Connector: This will be addressed separately, as it involves connecting to the power supply.

Fans and Cooling

  • Wiring Case Fans: Now is a good time to wire any case fans. If using a fan controller, find a central location for it, ideally one that doesn’t obstruct cable management holes.
  • Fan Direction: Pay attention to the direction of airflow. Ideally, you want a balance of intake (front and bottom) and exhaust (top and rear) fans. Avoid having intake and exhaust fans on the same side.
  • Installing Fans: Align the fans with the appropriate holes, keeping cables clear of the blades and chassis. Secure them with provided screws or rubber mounts.
  • Radiator Setup: If using a liquid cooler, mount the radiator now. The radiator can be placed at the top or front of the case, depending on space and preference. It’s recommended to configure fans in a pull configuration for easier maintenance.
  • Fan Control and Power: Connect fans to the motherboard directly or via a fan hub. Use y-splitters if necessary. Cable management for fan wires can be challenging, especially with RGB wiring.

Installing the Power Supply

  • Mounting the Power Supply: Install the PSU with the fan facing downwards if there’s a filtered intake at the bottom of your case. If there’s no intake, mount it fan upwards.
  • Connecting Cables: For modular power supplies, connect the necessary cables for the motherboard, GPU, and peripherals. Route the 24-pin ATX and 12-volt CPU cables through appropriate cable management holes.
  • Securing the PSU: Secure the power supply to the case using screws. Make sure it’s aligned correctly and screwed in properly.

Installing the Graphics Card

  • Choosing the Slot: Use the topmost PCIe x16 slot for the best performance.
  • Removing Slot Covers: Remove the corresponding slot covers from the back of the case. Be careful if they need to be broken off.
  • Installing the Card: Align the GPU with the slot and press it in until the clip locks. Secure the GPU with screws.
  • Powering the GPU: Connect the necessary power cables to the GPU.

Cable Management

  • Organizing Cables: Use zip ties and cable management guides to organize and secure cables. Aim for a neat layout with minimal cable overlap.
  • Managing SATA Cables: Be creative with SATA cable management, especially if the corresponding connectors on the motherboard are not conveniently located.

Powering On and Troubleshooting

  • Initial Boot: Once everything is connected, power on the PC. Check for any BIOS error codes or diagnostic LEDs if it doesn’t boot.
  • Checking Connections: If the PC doesn’t power on, ensure all cables are properly connected. Check RAM and expansion cards for proper seating.
  • Display Issues: If there’s no display, ensure the monitor is connected to the graphics card and not the motherboard.
  • Advanced Troubleshooting: If issues persist, advanced troubleshooting may involve checking for shorts or seeking help on forums.

BIOS Settings and Booting OS

  • XMP/DOCP: Enable XMP or DOCP in the BIOS to ensure your RAM runs at its rated speed.
  • BIOS Updates: Check for BIOS updates, especially for newer CPUs or Windows 11 compatibility.
  • Boot Order: Ensure your operating system’s installer (e.g., from a USB drive) is set as the primary boot device.
  • Final Checks: Verify CPU temperatures, RAM, and storage are correctly recognized in the BIOS before proceeding with the OS installation.